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Milice
The ''Milice française'' (French Militia), generally called the ''Milice'' ((:milis)), was a paramilitary force created on January 30, 1943 by the Vichy regime (with German aid) to help fight against the French Resistance during World War II. The Milice's formal head was Prime Minister Pierre Laval, although its Chief of operations and ''de facto'' leader was Secretary General Joseph Darnand. It participated in summary executions and assassinations, helping to round up Jews and ''résistants'' in France for deportation. It was the successor to Joseph Darnand's ''Service d'ordre légionnaire'' (SOL) militia.
The Milice frequently used torture to extract information or confessions from those whom they interrogated. The French Resistance considered the Milice more dangerous than the Gestapo and SS because they were native Frenchmen who understood local dialects fluently, had extensive knowledge of the towns and countryside, and knew local people and informants.
Milice troops (known as ''miliciens'') wore a blue uniform jacket and trousers, brown shirt and a wide blue beret. (During active paramilitary-style operations, a pre-war French Army helmet was used.) Its newspaper was ''Combats'' (not to be confused with the underground Resistance newspaper, ''Combat''). It employed full-time and part-time personnel, and had a youth wing. The Milice's armed forces were officially known as the ''Franc-Garde''. Contemporary photographs show the Milice armed with a variety of weapons captured from Allied forces.
==Membership==
Early Milice volunteers included members of France's pre-war far-right parties (such as the Action Française) and working-class men convinced of the benefits of the Vichy government's politics. In addition to ideology, incentives for joining the Milice included employment, regular pay and rations. (The latter became particularly important as the war continued, and civilian rations dwindled to near-starvation levels.) Some joined because members of their families had been killed or injured in Allied bombing raids or had been threatened, extorted or attacked by French Resistance groups. Still others joined for more mundane reasons: petty criminals were recruited by being told their sentences would be commuted if they joined the organization, and Milice volunteers were exempt from transportation to Germany as forced labour.〔Paul Jankowski, “In Defense of Fiction: Resistance, Collaboration, and Lacombe, Lucien”. The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 63, No. 3 (Sep., 1991), pp. 462〕 It is estimated by several historians (including Julian T. Jackson) that the Milice's membership reached 25,000–30,000 by 1944, although official figures are difficult to obtain.
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